Lung Cancer Treatment Options

Each year, the incidence of lung cancer are unfortunately on the rise. Lung Cancer Treatment Options Although smoking has declined in many high-income countries, it quickly became more pronounced in the developing and former socialist countries, where smoking rates are still high. Everyone knows that smoking causes lung cancer, but how smoking causes lung cancer is a question that nobody really knows. In this article I'll explain how cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.

A cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of different compounds. More than 4,000 different compounds have been identified in cigarette smoke usually. Of these 4000 and slightly more compounds 60-70 are carciongens: heterocyclic hydrocarbons, N-heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, organic compounds, aldehydes, inorganic compounds such as hydrazine and some metals and free radicals.

Tobacco contains a large amount of N-nitrosamines and PAH-s, which are strong carciogens. Other compounds appear to have a lower potential carciogenic. Various studies have shown that PAH-s can induce tumors in laboratory animals. PAHs are formed by the incomplete combustion of tobacco. Studies have also shown that PAH-s can interact with DNA, forming mutagenic DNA adducts. And the formation of DNA adducts can be the first event to open carciogenesis.

The concentration of N-nitrosamines in tobacco is relatively high and heavy smokers have the highest exposure to these compounds. The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), mainly nicotine from NNK, are the strongest carcinogens respiratory identified in tobacco products. Malignant and benign tumors formed in mice, hamsters and rats were induced by NNK. The concentration of NNK in mainstream smoke increased while those of benzo (a) pyrene decreased since the 1960s.

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Cigarette smoke also contains a large amount of free radicals and free radicals cause oxidative damage. Both particulate and gas phase are highly oxidizing and therefore damage the lungs. Cigarette smoke also induces proinflammatory cytokines and recruits activated macrophages
and neutrophils in lung tissue.

Cigarettes contain high levels of metals. Somewhere around 30 metals have been found. Some evidence has shown that metals are effective initiators of the carcinogenic process, but may also be potential promoters during carcinogenesis. Cigarette smoke contains high levels of cadmium, chromium and nickel as well. Chromium accumulates in the lungs and smoking is the main source of cadmium exposure in humans. Unfortunately, the total contribution of these metals in lung cancer is poorly understood.

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